{"id":22772,"date":"2024-01-01T14:23:30","date_gmt":"2024-01-01T13:23:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.boehmert.de\/?p=22772"},"modified":"2026-08-05T11:18:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-05T09:18:58","slug":"unified-patent-court-defence-possibilities-for-defendants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.boehmert.de\/en\/unified-patent-court-defence-possibilities-for-defendants\/","title":{"rendered":"UPC: Defence possibilities for defendants"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-m1rmypf3-2c62c6a7fdbda2f651700040f32efd1e main_color avia-section-large avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-22772'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_two_third-5367d1a8949ea854cc7619afa10347cf av_two_third  avia-builder-el-1  el_before_av_one_third  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m1rmve4l-c044ee571fc7d70214b8b1c3ecff58c2\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-m1rmve4l-c044ee571fc7d70214b8b1c3ecff58c2{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-m1rmve4l-c044ee571fc7d70214b8b1c3ecff58c2 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-m1rmve4l-c044ee571fc7d70214b8b1c3ecff58c2 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-m1rmve4l-c044ee571fc7d70214b8b1c3ecff58c2 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first'><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >UPC: Defence possibilities for defendants<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m1rmwyl7-0fce5fc9485b19b1b4408c13e2358b41\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-m1rmwyl7-0fce5fc9485b19b1b4408c13e2358b41{\nheight:35px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-m1rmwyl7-0fce5fc9485b19b1b4408c13e2358b41 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock'><span class='hr-inner'><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-m1rmwp1s-bcec8964803363f810fd2fd22dca98ef'   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 style=\"font-size: 1.4em;\">1. Formal Grounds for Defence<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>As a formal ground for defence, defendant may challenge the jurisdiction and competence of the Unified Patent Court (UPC), as the competence of the national courts continues to apply for all actions that are not listed in the UPC agreements, such as any actions based on opted-out EP patents.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Non-Infringement<\/h3>\n<p>For any infringement claim to succeed, claimant will need to show that defendant has used the invention, or that such use is imminent. Defendant, on the other side, may show that no such use has occurred, either for a lack of any reserved act of use (such as making, offering, placing on the market) in the relevant territory, or for the accused product or process not being subject matter of the patent in suit. For the latter, defendant may show that one or more features of the asserted patent claims are not realized in the accused product or process.\u00a0 The UPC agreements provide for certain limitations on the effect of a patent, such as acts done privately and for non-commercial purposes, acts done for experimental purposes, or various other acts that are in the public interest and\/or are exempted from patent protection by international treaties. If any of these situations apply, defendant may also establish a sound non-infringement defence.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Revocation (counter-)action<\/h3>\n<p>One of the most common defenses against a claim for patent infringement is the challenging of the patent\u2019s validity. For the UPC system, there are two different options to challenge a patent that is being enforced in a pending infringement case: First, defendant may file a separate revocation action with the competent division of the UPC, or an opposition with the European Patent Office (EPO), which then remains separate from the infringement case. Secondly, defendant may file a revocation counteraction, which will then be part of the infringement case and will be dealt with simultaneously.<\/p>\n<p>In case of a separate revocation action, defendant will usually request that the infringement case is being stayed until a decision on the patent\u2019s validity, or that any decision on infringement is made subject to the condition subsequent that the patent is not held invalid. The UPC courts have discretion to grant these requests.<\/p>\n<p>There will be (and are already) numerous strategic considerations for a defendant in an infringement case at the UPC whether to file a separate revocation action, a revocation counteraction, or both. Some of these considerations include the question of which division may best decide on the patent\u2019s validity (as a separate revocation action filed by\u00a0 non-party to the infringement case can bring this case to the central division), which division should be handling the infringement case, the question of when relevant prior art will become available, and whether the infringement case has been brought by the patent proprietor or a licensee.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Entitlement to Use<strong style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Defendant may further raise a defence concerning its entitlement to use the patented technology, which can be based on (a) defendant\u2019s co-ownership of the patent, (b) a license which allows defendant the use of the patent, and\/or (c) defendant\u2019s prior use rights.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Antitrust Defense<strong style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>While the UPC agreements do not set out any antitrust defenses itself, it explicitly allows to apply EU law, so that the general restrictions on antitrust and anti-competitive behavior are likely to apply also in front of the UPC. Consequently, it is expected that the UPC courts will apply the framework set out by the ECJ in relation to anti-competitive behavior by the enforcement of standard essential patents (\u201cSEP\u201d), including the necessity for an SEP holder to make a fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (\u201cFRAND\u201d) offer and for an implementer to appropriately respond thereto.\u00a0 It is unclear, however, whether the UPC courts will assume the task of setting a FRAND rate for a potential license on a SEP, if the antitrust defense is being raised, noting that courts of the participating EU member states have been reluctant, so far, to engage in such calculations themselves.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Exhaustion of Rights<\/h3>\n<p>Exhaustion occurs if a product has been placed on the market in the EU by or with the consent of the patent proprietor, which provides for a EU-wide (regional) exhaustion and a corresponding defence in front of the Unified Patent Court.<\/p>\n<h3>7. Limitations and Forfeiture<strong style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The UPC agreements set out a five-year period after which actions \u201crelating to all forms of financial compensation may not be brought\u201d. Forfeiture is not explicitly mentioned in the UPC agreements, but the UPC must apply all rules, procedures and remedies in a \u201cfair and equitable manner\u201d, which may include the possibility to defend against a claim being brought extremely late (and against the justified expectations of the defendant) based on good faith considerations.<\/p>\n<h3>8. Entitlement Suits<strong style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Another possible defence is to claim ownership rights to the patent in suit. Such entitlement suits however fall outside the jurisdiction of the UPC courts. They still need to be filed with the competent national courts, most often at the place of domicile of defendant; the UPC is then likely to stay its proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-fe79b5e9c7dc7236081eb587a4ccff38\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-fe79b5e9c7dc7236081eb587a4ccff38{\nheight:35px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-fe79b5e9c7dc7236081eb587a4ccff38 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_button'><span class='hr-inner'><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-rdu110-7e0d3f07fdd7796a685a204a25518399-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr'><a href='https:\/\/www.boehmert.de\/en\/upc\/unified-patent-court\/'  class='avia-button av-rdu110-7e0d3f07fdd7796a685a204a25518399 av-link-btn avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-small avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Back to page Unified Patent Court\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-linearicons-free' data-av_icon='\ue879' data-av_iconfont='linearicons-free' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Back to page Unified Patent Court<\/span><\/a><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-fe79b5e9c7dc7236081eb587a4ccff38\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-fe79b5e9c7dc7236081eb587a4ccff38{\nheight:35px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-fe79b5e9c7dc7236081eb587a4ccff38 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_button  avia-builder-el-last'><span class='hr-inner'><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-av_one_third-866c246b881428acd016a5e4e8ec097a av_one_third  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div'     ><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As a formal ground for defence, defendant may challenge the jurisdiction and competence of the UPC, as the competence of the national courts continues to apply for all actions that are not listed in the UPC agreements, such as any actions based on opted-out EP patents &#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[317,308],"tags":[],"legal_areas":[],"class_list":["post-22772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-upc-unified-patent-court","category-upc-page"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>UPC: Defense options for the defendant<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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